Monday, November 2, 2015

Unit 6 Notes and Study Links

Unit 6 Vocabulary Terms: https://quizlet.com/_t51au

Unit 6 Study Guide: https://quizlet.com/_1e45j5

Unit 6 Notes:


Unit 6: Cell Structure and Function CONCISE Notes
1.       Cell – the basic units of structure and function in living things.
a.       The smallest unit that can carry out life processes.
b.      Size range from 30 meters long (neuron cell in a blue whale) to 0.2 micrometers long (smallest bacteria)
c.       All cells have a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and DNA
2.       Cell History
a.       The invention of the microscope made it possible for people to observe cells
b.      Robert Hooke – first to observe cells – cork and fern stems
                                                               i.      Coined the term cells because of their shape
c.       Anton Van Leeuwenhoek – first to observe living cells – protists (animalcules)
d.      The Cell Theory
                                                               i.      All living things are made of cells
                                                             ii.      Cells are the basic unit of living things
                                                            iii.      Cell come only from other cells
                                                           iv.      Scientists who helped form the cell theory:
1.       Matthias Schleiden – discovered that all plants were made of cells
2.       Theodore Schwann – discovered that all animals were made of cells
3.       Rudolph Virchow – concluded that all cells come from other living cells
3.       Kinds of Cells
a.       Prokaryotic cells
                                                               i.      No nucleus
                                                             ii.      No membrane bound organelles
1.       Do have ribosomes and DNA
                                                            iii.      Always unicellular
                                                           iv.      Ex. Bacteria
b.      Eukaryotic Cells – more advanced, complex cells
                                                               i.      Have nucleus
                                                             ii.      Have membrane bound organelles
                                                            iii.      Maybe unicellular or multicellular
                                                           iv.      Ex. Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protists
4.       Organelles (little organ) – structures in a cell that carry out specific functions
a.       Cell Membrane (plasma membrane) (see Unit 7)
                                                               i.      Found in all cells, prokaryotic and eukaryotic
                                                             ii.      Structure - Phospholipid bilayer
a.       Two layers, a lipid tail and a phosphate head
                                                            iii.      Function – controls what enters and leaves a cell
1.       Selectively permeable – allows some but not all molecules to enter the cell
a.       Water may enter and leave freely
b.      Sodium and Calcium for example must enter through certain channels at certain times
2.       Helps maintain a cell’s homeostasis (stable internal conditions)
b.      Cell Wall
                                                               i.      Found in plant, algae, fungi, and most bacterial cells
                                                             ii.      Located outside of the cell membrane
                                                            iii.      Structure
1.       Plants – made of cellulose, a kind of carbohydrate
2.       Fungi – made of chitin, a different kind of carbohydrate
                                                           iv.      Function – protects, supports, and shapes the cell
1.       Does not help determine what enters and leaves a cell
2.       Allows the stems of plants to stand upright
3.       Prevents plant from expanding under pressure
c.       Nucleus
                                                               i.      Found in eukaryotic cells
                                                             ii.      Structure - Usually the largest organelle
1.       Nuclear envelope (nuclear membrane) surrounds the nucleus
2.       Nuclear pores (holes) that allow RNA and ribosomes to enter and leave the nucleus
3.       Nucleolus - inside the nucleus and makes ribosomes
4.       DNA is inside the nucleus
a.       A component of chromatin
b.      Condenses into chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis
c.       Directions for making proteins
                                                            iii.      Function – control center – directs all of the cells activities
d.      Cytoplasm (protoplasm)
                                                               i.      Found in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
                                                             ii.      Structure - Clear, jelly-like material surrounding organelles
1.       Constantly flows
                                                            iii.      Function - Holds organelles
1.       Most metabolic processes occur in the cytoplasm
e.      Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
                                                               i.      Found in eukaryotic cells
                                                             ii.      Structure - A series of folded membranes on and around the nucleus (H’s connected together)
                                                            iii.      Function - Move proteins and other materials around the cell similar to a conveyor belt
                                                           iv.      Types
1.       Smooth ER (sER) – few or no ribosomes
2.       Rough ER (rER) – covered in ribosomes
f.        Ribosomes (rRNA) - (Unit 12)
                                                               i.      Found in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells freely floating or attached to ER
                                                             ii.      Structure - Small and round (small black dots); made of RNA (rRNA)
                                                            iii.      Function  - Help build proteins
g.       Golgi Body (Golgi Complex; Golgi Apparatus)
                                                               i.      Found in eukaryotic cells
                                                             ii.      Structure - Flattened, folded sacs (Q-tips with circles around them)
                                                            iii.      Function - Sort and package materials like proteins
1.       Packages materials to be sent out of the cell
 
h.      Vacuoles and Vesicles
                                                               i.      Found in eukaryotic cells
1.       Plant cells usually have one large vacuole
2.       Animal cells usually have many small vacuoles
                                                             ii.      Structure - Sac-like structure
                                                            iii.      Function - Store materials like water, food, and waste
i.         Mitochondria (see Unit 8)
                                                               i.      Found in eukaryotic cells
1.       Muscle cells contain up to 20,000 mitochondria each
                                                             ii.      Structure - Hot-dog shaped (a jelly bean with a worm on the inside)
1.       Outer membrane and a folded inner membrane called cristae
                                                            iii.      Function - Break down food molecules and produce ATP, a high energy compound
j.        Cytoskeleton
                                                               i.      Found in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
                                                             ii.      Structure - Thin tubes called microtubules and fibers microfilaments
1.       Made of protein
                                                            iii.      Function - Help cell maintain and change its shape
1.       Most organelles are attached to it
2.       Help move chromosomes in cell division (spindle fibers)
k.       Centrioles
                                                               i.      Found only in animal cells
                                                             ii.      Structure - Cylinder shaped
1.       Two centrioles along with proteins make up the centrosome
                                                            iii.      Function - help in the formation of the spindle fibers that separate the chromosomes during cell division
l.         Cilia and Flagella
                                                               i.      Structure
1.       Cilia - short, hairlike, move liquids such as mucus past the cell or moves unicellular organisms
2.       Flagella - whip-like, longer than cilia moves cells such as the human sperm
                                                             ii.      Function - help in movement or feeding
m.    Lysosomes
                                                               i.      Found in eukaryotic cells
                                                             ii.      Structure - Round organelle that contains enzymes
                                                            iii.      Function - Digest unwanted food particles, bacteria, and other debris
n.      Plastids
                                                               i.      Found in plant cells
                                                             ii.      Types
1.       Chromoplasts
a.       Structure - red, yellow or orange in color and are found in petals of flowers and in fruit
b.      Function – to attract pollinators (petals )and animals that will help disperse seeds (fruits)
2.       Leucoplasts
a.       Structure – colorless, occur in plant cells not exposed to light, such as roots and seeds
b.      Function – form starches; help form proteins and oils
                                                                                                                                       i.      Amyloplasts make starches and change starches back to glucose when needed
3.       Chloroplasts
a.       Found in certain eukaryotic cells
b.      Plants, protists, cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) do not have chloroplasts, but do have two cell membranes and carry out photosynthesis
c.       Structure - Outer membrane with stacked sacs (sacs called thylakoid, stacks called grana) (an oval with stacks of pancakes inside)
                                                                                                                                       i.      Filled with a green pigment called chlorophyll
d.      Function - Trap the energy from the sun to carry out photosynthesis
5.       Plant and Animal Cells
a.       Similarities
                                                               i.      Both eukaryotic
                                                             ii.      Both have cytoplasm, cell membrane, vacuoles, ER, ribosomes, Golgi Body, cytoskeleton, mitochondria, nucleus, nucleolus, DNA,
b.      Differences
                                                               i.      Plant cells have cell wall, plastids like the chloroplast, and one large vacuole
                                                             ii.      Animal cells have centrioles, small vacuoles, no cell wall
6.       Cell Organization
a.       Unicellular – organism made of only one cell
b.      Multicellular – organism made of more than one cell
c.       Cell differentiation (specialization) – cells in multicellular organisms have different jobs
d.      Tissue – group of cells that work together to perform a certain function
                                                               i.      Human tissues
1.       Epithelial – act as a lining
a.       Skin, stomach lining,
2.       Connective
a.       Cartilage, bone, blood
3.       Muscular
a.       Skeletal – biceps of the arm
b.      Cardiac – heart
c.       Smooth – organ muscles like the stomach
4.       Nervous – sends and receives electrical impulses
a.       Nerves, spinal cord, brain
                                                             ii.      Plant tissues
1.       Xylem – carry water and minerals
2.       Phloem – carry nutrients like sugars
e.      Organ – a group of tissues that work together to carry out a certain function
f.        System – a group of organs that work together
g.       Organism – all of the systems working together

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