Unit 8: Cellular Energy Notes, Vocabulary Terms, and Study Guide

Cellular Energy Vocabulary Terms: https://quizlet.com/_tzzbk
Cellular Energy Study Guide: https://quizlet.com/_1e42h1

Unit 8: Cellular Energy CONCISE Notes

1.       ATP – adenosine triphosphate

a.       Molecule that stores energy for the cell in its chemical bonds

b.      Structure

                                                               i.      Adenosine molecule

                                                             ii.      Ribose sugar

                                                            iii.      Three phosphate groups

                                                           iv.      Structure like a nucleic acid but with three phosphate groups

 

c.       Function – energy for all cellular activities

                                                               i.      Ex. Cilia and flagella movement, active transport, cell division, production of proteins, muscle contraction…

d.      ADP – adenosine diphosphate – same structure as ATP except only two phosphate groups

e.      Making ATP: adding a third phosphate group to ADP

                                                               i.      Occurs in the mitochondria of the cell

                                                             ii.      Similar to putting two like poles of a magnet together, it takes a lot of energy to put attach the phosphate groups together

                                                            iii.      ATP synthetase (an enzyme) attaches the phosphate groups together

f.        Releasing Energy: removing the third phosphate group from ATP

                                                               i.      ATPase (an enzyme) breaks off the third phosphate group

                                                             ii.      This creates ADP which can then be reused to make ATP

2.       Cellular Respiration

a.       Breaking down food (glucose) molecules to release energy

b.      Occurs in the cytoplasm and mitochondrion

c. Structure of the mitochondrion

                                                               i.      Inner and outer membranes

                                                             ii.      Cristae – fold in the inner membrane – Electron transport chain occurs here

                                                            iii.      Matrix – internal space of inner membrane – Krebs Cycle occurs here

d.       Reactants (raw materials) – chemicals needed for the reaction to take place

                                                               i.      One molecule of Glucose - C₆H₁₂O₆

                                                             ii.      Six molecules of Oxygen - 6O₂

e.      Products – what is made from the reactants

                                                               i.      Six molecules of Carbon Dioxide - 6CO₂

                                                             ii.      Six Molecules of Water – 6H₂O

                                                            iii.      36 ATP

a.       Formula: C₆H₁₂O₆+6O₂ -> 6CO₂+6H₂O+36 ATP

b.     Glucose + Oxygen " Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP

e.      Two Types

                                                               i.      Aerobic – requires oxygen

1.       Process

a.       Glycolysis

                                                                                                                                       i.      Occurs in the cytoplasm and makes 2 ATP

b.      Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle )

                                                                                                                                       i.      Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria and uses the 2 ATP from Glycolysis to make 2 ATP

c.       Electron Transport Chain

                                                                                                                                       i.      Occurs in the cristae of the mitochondria and makes 34 ATP

                                                             ii.      Anaerobic – does not require oxygen

1.       Not as efficient as Aerobic Respiration

2.       Process

a.       Occurs in the cytoplasm – basically just Glycolysis and Fermentation

b.      Makes 2 ATP

3.       Two Types

a.       Lactic acid fermentation

                                                                                                                                       i.      Occurs in animal cells and some bacteria – produces 2 ATP

                                                                                                                                     ii.      Ex. Muscles during strenuous exercise

1.       When oxygen is scarce muscle cells can continue to use energy

2.       The by-product lactic acid builds up and causes muscle soreness

b.      Alcoholic fermentation

                                                                                                                                       i.      Occurs in plant and yeast cells – produces 2 ATP

                                                                                                                                     ii.      Ex. Making Bread

1.       Yeast cells make ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide which makes the bread rise

3.       Photosynthesis

a.       Converting the energy from sunlight into food (glucose - stored chemical energy)

b.      Occurs in plant cells that have chloroplasts and in some bacteria and protists

c.       Reactants (raw materials) – chemicals needed for the reaction to take place

                                                               i.      Six molecules of Carbon Dioxide - 6CO₂

                                                             ii.      Six Molecules of Water – 6H₂O

                                                            iii.      Sunlight and chlorophyll

d.      Products – what is made from the reactants

                                                               i.      One molecule of Glucose - C₆H₁₂O₆

                                                             ii.      Six molecules of Oxygen - 6O₂

e.      Formula: 6CO₂+6H₂O+Sunlight -> C₆H₁₂O₆+6O₂

f.        Carbon dioxide + Water and Sunlight " Glucose + Oxygen

g.       Structure of A Leaf Cell

                                                               i.      Cuticle – waxy layer that holds in moisture

                                                             ii.      Upper Epidermis – protects the leaf

                                                            iii.      Palisade layer – has lots of chloroplasts; where most of the photosynthesis takes place

                                                           iv.      Spongy Mesophyll – has many air pockets to absorb gases and some water

                                                             v.      Stoma (plural stomata) – openings that allow gases to enter and leave the leaf

1.       Carbon dioxide enters the leaf through the stomata

2.       Oxygen leaves the leaf through the stomata

3.       Transpiration - Water vapor also leaves the leaf through stomata

                                                           vi.      Guard cells – open and close the stoma

                                                          vii.      Lower Epidermis – protects the leaf

h.      Process

                                                               i.      Occurs in the chloroplast

1.       Structure of the chloroplast

a.       Thylakoids – disk like structures - Light dependent stage occurs here

b.      Granum (plural – grana) – stacks of thylakoids

c.   Stroma – solution that surrounds Grana - Light independent stage occurs here

                                                             ii.      Carbon Dioxide enters the leaf through openings in the underside of the leaf called stomata (singular – stoma)

                                                            iii.      Water enters the plant through the roots

                                                           iv.      Two Stages

1.       Light Dependent Stage

a.       Occurs in the thylakoids of the chlorophyll inside the chloroplast

b.      Chlorophyll absorbs the energy from the sunlight

c.       Water molecules are split forming oxygen and hydrogen ions (H+)

2.       Light Independent Stage (Calvin Cycle)

a.       Occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast

b.      Carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions combine to form glucose

4.       Cellular Respiration Compared to Photosynthesis

a.       Opposite processes

                                                               i.      Products of one are the reactants of the other

b.      Photosynthesis stores energy in glucose

c.       Cellular respiration uses glucose to release energy in the form of ATP

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 

1.  Water is taken up through the roots.
2. Carbon dioxide enters the leaf through the stomata.
3. The energy from the sun is captured by chlorophyll.
4.  Oxygen is released through the stomata.
5. Glucose is stored in plant tissues.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Chlorophyll captures the energy from the sun.
2. Water enters the leaf from the roots.
3. Carbon dioxide enters the leaf through the stomata.
4. Photosynthesis takes place in the plant cell.
5. Glucose is stored in plant tissues.
6. Oxygen leaves the leaf through the stomata.