Units 15, 16, 17
Classification CONCISE Notes Condensed
Unit 15: https://quizlet.com/_1eamqp
Unit 16: https://quizlet.com/_10qwbq
Unit 17:
Units 15-17:
Unit 15: https://quizlet.com/_1eamqp
Unit 16: https://quizlet.com/_10qwbq
Unit 17:
Units 15-17:
1. The Six Kingdom System (Three Domains)
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Domain Archae
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Domain Bacteria
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Domain Eukarya
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Archaebacteria
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Eubacteria
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Protista
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Fungi
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Plantae
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Animalia
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Prokaryotes
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Eukaryotes –
have nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
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2. Kingdom Archaebacteria
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Kingdom Eubacteria
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Prokaryotes - no
cell wall or membrane bound organelles; have ribosomes and cell wall
Unicellular –
made of one cell
-Binary
fission – form of asexual reproduction that is quick and produces large numbers of offspring
-May do Conjugation
– a primitive kind of sexual reproduction
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-Autotrophs (can
make their own food) – most do chemosynthesis – use chemicals to
make food
-Some do photosynthesis
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Autotrophs –
photosynthesis
Heterotrophs
(cant’ make their own food):
-Parasitic –
feed on other living organisms
-Saprotrophs –
eat decomposing / dead organisms
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-Live in harsh
environments –volcanic vents; alkali lakes
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-Live in
hospitable environments
-Some form endospores
- Dormant stage can survive harsh environments until conditions become
favorable
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Bacteria Pros
-Nitrogen-fixing
bacteria make nitrogen accessible to plants (nitrogen cycle)
-Decomposers (saprotrophs)
break down and recycle organic and inorganic materials – nature’s
recyclers
-Cyanobacteria –
photosynthetic bacteria that live in water and make a large amount of oxygen
-Foods such as
pickles, yogurt, sauerkraut, and Swiss cheese get distinctive odors and
flavors
-Some
antibiotics are made (neomycin and erythromycin) with certain kinds of
bacteria
-Probiotics –
some bacteria live in the intestines and help absorption of nutrients and
strengthen the immune system
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Classified by
Shape:
-Coccus – round
-Bacillus – rod
-Spirilium –
spiral
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Bacteria Cons
-Cause diseases
such as Lyme disease, botulism, tetanus, strep throat, cavities
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3. Kingdom Protista
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-Eukaryotes that
live in water or moist soil -Unicellular or multicellular autotrophs or
heterotrophs
-microscopic or
macroscopic - Catch-all kingdom - organisms that don’t fit in the other
kingdoms
-Contractile
Vacuole – pumps out extra water to prevent cell from bursting
Protist Pros – algae food source for
many animals; produce much of world’s
oxygen; used in household items;
Protist Cons – protozoans and
sporozoans cause disease – once causes malaria
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Animal-like
Protists
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Plant-like
Protists
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Fungi-like
Protists
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-called Protozoans
-unicellular
-heterotrophs
-Reproduce by
binary fission or a primitive form of sexual reproduction
-Ciliates – have
cilia for locomotion – paramecium
-Flagellates –
have flagella for locomotion – Giardia lamblia causes diarrhea
-Amoebas – have pseudopods for locomotion
-Sporozoans –
parasitic protists
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-called Algae
-unicellular or
multicellular
-reproduce by
binary fission (unicellular) or asexual or sexual (multicellular)
-contain pigments
like chlorophyll to carry out photosynthesis – green, brown, red, or
golden-colored
-euglena – have flagella and eye spot
to find light – may use photosynthesis or eat bacteria or other protists
-Diatoms – unicellular with glass-like
outer shells; collect their remains for diatomaceous
earth – many uses
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-decompose dead
organisms
-able to move
from place to place for part of life cycle
-reproduce
asexually and sexually
-many are very
colorful
-slime molds,
downy mildews, water molds
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4. Kingdom Fungi
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-Grow anywhere there is moisture; cannot move from
place to place
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-Main Groups: mushrooms, molds, yeast
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Mushrooms –
reproduce through basidiospores
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Molds -
reproduce asexually with spores; sexually by combining hyphae
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Yeast -
reproduce by budding
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-Saprotrophs – break down dead or decaying organisms
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-Cell walls made of chitin – a complex
carbohydrate
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Extracelular digestion - Send out hyphae
(threadlike structures) into their food that excrete enzymes that break down
the large food molecules into smaller ones that then diffuse into the hyphae
Fungi cons:
-rusts and smuts cause disease in timber and crops
-Some spores are harmful or fatal if inhaled
-ringworm is a parasitic fungus that causes athlete’s
foot
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Fungi pros:
-Food – people eat mushrooms; yeast makes bread rise ;
some molds used to make cheese
-Medication – Penicillium
used to make antibiotic
-Lichen are made of a fungus and an algea and help
break down rocks into soil so plants can grow and helps enrich the soil with
nutrients
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Fungi
vs. Plants
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Cell wall made of chitin
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Cell wall made of cellulose
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Heterotroph – breakdown dead organisms for food
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Autotroph - photosynthesis
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Closed mitosis – nucleus does not disintegrate
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Open mitosis – nucleus does disintegrate
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5. Kingdom Plantae
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-Botanist – scientist who studies plants
-Use Division instead of Phylum in taxa;
12 divisions recognized by scientists
-All plants are: eukaryotic; multicellular; autotrophic;
have chloroplasts; cell wall made cellulose; do not move from place to place
Two Main Kinds: Bryophytes and Tracheophytes
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Bryophytes
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Tracheophytes
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Non-vascular – do not have xylem or phloem to move
water, food, nutrients and minerals around the plant
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Vascular - have xylem or phloem tissue to move
water, food, nutrients and minerals around the plant
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-Do not have true roots, stems, leaves
-Diffusion and osmosis move water and nutrients into
cells of plant -these processes are too slow to make a large plant;
most only a few centimeters tall
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Xylem – moves water around the plant
Phloem – moves food around the plant
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Need moisture to reproduce
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Two Kinds:
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Alternation of generations - alternate between
sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction
-Gametophyte stage – haploid sperm and egg are made by
meiosis
-Sporophyte stage – diploid spores are produced, which
are similar to seeds
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Seedless Vascular Plants
-least complex
-has true roots and leaves
-use spores instead of seeds
-Ferns
– can be very tall due to vascular tissue
-rhizomes – thick underground stem
-Fronds – leaves that produce spores
-sporangia – structure on bottom of frond that produces
spores
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Seed-Bearing Vascular Plants
-use seeds to reproduce
Two Kinds of
Seed-Bearing:
-Gymnosperms
-Angiosperms
Two Kinds of
Angiosperms:
-Monocots
-Dicots
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Examples:
Mosses
– most well know; liverworts; hornwort
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6. Tracheophytes: Gymnosperms
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-Seeds not enclosed in a fruit - Many protect
their seeds in a cone
-Conifers
most common - Produce seeds in cones -Needle or scale-like leaves
-Evergreen –
remain green all year
Examples: Redwoods, pine trees, Cedars, Spruce, Firs
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7. Tracheophytes: Angiosperms
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-Most complex and most abundant plants
-Attract insects and animals to help pollination and
dispersion of seeds
-Ovary develops into a fruit to protect the seed
- Fruits and seeds are food for many animals
-Two groups: monocots and dicots
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8. Monocots
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Dicots
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-One cotyledon (seed leaf)
-parallel leaf veins
-fibrous (branching) roots
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-flowers in multiples of 3
-corn, grasses, lillies
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-two cotyledons
-branched veins
-taproot
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-flowers in multiples of 4 or 5
-170,000 different species
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9. Flower Structure
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Sepals – green parts that protect the flower before it
blooms
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Petals – attract pollinators like honeybees,
butterflies, moths, hummingbirds
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Female Parts:
Pistil – stigma (very sticky), style,
ovary
-ovary contains ovules that produce eggs
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Male Parts
Stamen – anther, filament
-anther produces pollen that contains sperm
cells
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10. Reproduction
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Pollination – the transfer of pollen from the male part to the female
part of a flower
-May occur by wind, water, or pollinating animals
Steps – pollen sticks to top of stigma, forms a
pollen tube which travels down the ovary; sperm from pollen merges -with ovum
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11. Plant Tissues
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Stems
-support leaves and
flowers
-transport materials
-xylem transports
water
-phloem transports
nutrients like food and minerals
Seed Adaptations:
-some surrounded by
fruits - flowering plants - eaten by animals and spread when
eliminated far away from the parent plant to prevent competition
-some have wings –
carried by wind – maple tree seeds
-some float –
coconuts float in water for weeks to remote islands
-some are covered in
hooks – the Cocklebur is caught on animal fur and transported away from
parent plant
-some are flung
several feet away from parent plant when lightly touched
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Leaves
-absorb light and carry out photosynthesis
Leaf Parts:
-cuticle – waxy top coating prevents water loss
-epidermis cell – dermal cells under the
cuticle that protect the leaf
-mesophyll – contains chloroplasts that carryout
photosynthesis
-stomata – opening on the bottom of the leaf that lets
in and out carbon dioxide and oxygen, and lets water vapor out
-guard cells – found on each side of a stomata
the open and close to conserve water
Leaf Adaptations:
Flower Adaptations
-size, shape, color,
and type of nectar adapted to attract pollinators
Chemical Adaptations:
-skin irritants like urishol in poison ivy; repellants
and deterrants like a bitter taste or insecticides; toxins that make it
poisonous
Dry:
-small leaves, thick waxy cuticle, fewer stomata
for dry environments
-cactus – no true leaves – have spines – protect
plant but have no chloroplasts to reduce water loss; chloroplasts and
stomata on stems; stomata close during the day to prevent water loss;
-conifers – thin leaves to allow snow to fall off and
not break limb; waxy coating on leaves; keep leaves to begin photosynthesis
early in spring
Shady:
-Large leaves to absorb sunlight in shady environments
Moist:
-many stomata to rapidly take in carbon dioxide for
photosynthesis in moist environments
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Roots
-take in water
-tiny root hairs cover roots to increase
surface area – take in more water
-root cap protects the fast-growing root tip
Kinds of Roots:
-Fibrous roots – branch again and again; all equal in
size; found in monocots
-Taproots – one large root with secondary roots growing
off the sides; found in dicots
Root
Adaptations:
-extensive root system with extra root hairs to
quickly absorb water – dry environments like deserts
- Adventitious root – roots where they are not normally
found like the roots on the stem of a poison ivy plant
-Prop roots – roots partially in the air and
partially in the ground; help keep plants from falling over; usually found
in swamps; corn, mangrove trees
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12. Kingdom Animalia
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-eukarytotic; multicellular; heterotrophs – NO CELL WALLS -usually move at some
point in their lifetime
-have specialized cells that make tissues, organs, and
in most organ systems
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Body Plans (Symmetry)
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-Asymmetrical – no certain shape - sponge
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-Radial symmetry – bodies arranged around a central
point - starfish
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-Bilateral symmetry– two mirror sides that are equal -
humans
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13. Nine Phyla
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Phylum Porifera
-sponges – simplest of all animals
-asymmetrical
-made of only specialized cells
-filter feeders
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Phylum Cnidaria
-carnivores like jellyfish, sea anemone, hydra, coral
-radial symmetry
-have cnidocytes
– stinging cells
-polyps – tentacles point up
-medusa – tentacles point down
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Phylum Platyhelminthes
-flat worms
-bilateral symmetry
-some can regenerate like planaria
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Phylum Nematoda
-round worms
-bilateral symmetry
-bodies slender and pointed at each end
-many are parasites like heart worms, hookworms, and
pin worms
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Phylum Annelid
-segmented worms
-bilateral symmetry
-body divided into segments like earthworm, leach
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Phylum Mollusca
-soft body with muscular foot
-may or may not have shell like squid, octopus, snail,
slugs
Class Bivalvia – the bivalves
-two shells like clams; filter feeders
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Phylum Echinodermata
-star fish, sea urchins, sand dollars
-radial symmetry
-spiny skin and tube feet
-external fertilization – produce large amount of
offspring but needs water
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Phylum Arthropoda
-750,000 species – half of the known species of the
world
-segmented bodies, jointed legs, claws, antenna
-exoskeleton made of chitin to protect body
-Molt (shed exoskeleton) in order to grow
– new exoskeleton is soft
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Classes of Arthropods
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Crustaceans
-lobsters, crabs, crayfish, shrimp, barnacles
-two pair antenna
-mandible mouthparts
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Arachnids
-spiders, ticks, scorpions
-8 legs
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Millipedes and Centipedes
-millipedes have 2 pairs of legs per segment
-centipedes have 1 pair of legs per segmented
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Insects
-body divided into 3 parts
-3 pairs of legs
-undergo metamorphosis - a series of changes
that occur as they develop from an egg to an adult; can live in different
environments in different stages of its life
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Phylum Chordata
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Vertebrates - 99% of phylum chordata
-vertebral column – strong backbone – replaces notocord
as embryo develops
-spinal cord inside vertebral column
-bilateral symmetry
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Ectotherms - cold blooded - temperature depends on environment
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Fish
-Class Agnatha – jawless fish like the lamprey –
mouth always open
-Class Chondricthyes – skeletons made of
cartilage like the shark, rays
-Class Osteichthyes – bony fish with swim
bladder like goldfish, perch, bass
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Amphibians
-metamorphosis - hatch into tadpoles as larva then
develop into adults with lungs
-Class Urodela – salamander
-Class Anura – frogs and toads
-Class Apoda – caecilians carnival that resemble
worms – no legs
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Reptiles
-dry, scaly skin prevents water loss
-well developed lungs
-eggs are leathery and tough
-can’t live where it is cold
-Order Squamata – Snakes
-Order Crocodilia – alligators, crocs
-Order Testudine – turtles, tortoises
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Endotherms – warm blooded - body
temperature is stable regardless of the environment.
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Class Aves – birds
-hollow bones for flight
-beaks, feathers, rapid metabolism
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Class Mammalia – mammals
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-hair or fur
-Four chambered heart
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-Lungs
-Mammary glands produce milk
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Monotremes
-mammals that lay eggs like the duck-bill platypus
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Sloths,
Anteaters, Armadillos
-no teeth; eat insects
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Insectivores
-eat insects, long snouts, like moles, hedgehogs
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Bats
-can fly; eat fruit, insects, nectar
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Placental
Mammals
-develop in womb of mother; placenta provides
nourishment and oxygen
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Marsupials
-mammals that have a pouch where the undeveloped embryo
climbs to finish developing
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Rodents
- two long curved teeth in upper and lower jaws that
keep growing; mice, squirrels, chipmunks, porcupines, gerbils, gophers
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Whales and
Dolphins
-adapted to underwater life; must surface to breathe
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Zebras,
Horses, Rhinos
- herbivores; hooves with odd number of toes
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Deer, Pig,
Goats, Giraffes, Hippos
- herbivores with even number of toes on each foot
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Elephants
- largest land animal; have trunks
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Manatees and Sea
Cows
-slow moving herbivores
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Primates
- highly developed brain; complex behavior patterns;
humans, apes, lemurs
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Animal Adaptations
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Attracting a
Mate
-courtship displays like a peacocks brightly colored
feathers
-sounds like frogs, crickets
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Obtaining and
Eating Food
-specialized beaks (birds) – --short and strong for
cracking seeds – finches
--large beaks to catch fish
--long sharp beaks for eating insects – woodpeckers
- Baleen whales have special
structures to strain food
Dry Climates - Conserve water – camels
Cold Climates - Thick fur, extra layer of fat,
to regulate internal temperature
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Obtaining and
Eating Food
-keen eyesight, sharp claws
-Carnivores like the cat family have sharp claws and
teeth to catch and eat prey as well as coloration that camouflages them.
- Pit vipers have special sense organs on each side of
head to detect warm-blooded prey
-Herbivores like Cows have special teeth to grind
grasses and grains and special stomachs to digest them
Hot Climates – large ears to release heat
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Mimicry
-look like something should be avoided; viceroy
butterfly mimics monarch butterfly which has a bad taste
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Coloration
-warns other animals that they are poisonous; frogs in
rain forest are yellow and red
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Self-mimicry
-one body part that mimics another to increase survival
during an attack, or a predator appears harmless
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Hard shells,
plates, or spines
porcupine
quills, armadillo
Chemicals –
taste or smell; skunk; octopus ink
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Stingers – protective; bee
Body parts break off for protection; lizards
tails
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Nocturnal
-active at
night; large eyes, sense of smell
Diurnal
active during
day
-Protection –
active when predators are asleep
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Camouflage
(cryptic coloration); blend in with surroundings;
chameleon can change colors; rabbits fur color changes with season; predators
blend in with their environment
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Hibernation – not exposed to predators during
cold weather; metabolism slows -digestion, respiration, heart rate
Estivation –slower breathing, slower heartbeat, reptiles
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Aggressive
mimicry
- lure prey to them; angler fish look like a rock and a
spine that looks like a much smaller fish; scent to lure prey
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